International Conference on Reproductive Health December 01-02, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA

Binita Karanjit Joshi has completed her Master’s degree from Tribhuban University Nepal. She is Women Development Coordinator of Eurasia Reiyukai Nepal Office, UN affiliated organization. She has been working on women development in remote areas of Nepal in the field of women health issue and women empowerment from past 25 years. She has a lot of community based experience from different organization like Nepal Red Cross Society, Vulnerable Community Development Program, and Eurasia Reiyukai Nepal Office. Nepal is one of the least developing countries in the world which is having male dominated society and situation of women is more backward than man. In this situation, to work on remote field areas is a challenge. To create awareness, she has frequently published on women health and empowerment issues in daily newspaper. She received Blue Lotus award for her contributions in the field of Women Development. She has also got an award from Eurasia Reiyukai Nepal Office.

Nepal is one of the least developing countries in the world. Due to lack of education, Nepal's HIV prevalence has not changed much over the last five years. The estimated HIV prevalence age is among 15-49 years. Apart from overall low HIV prevalence among adult population, the country's epidemic scenario looks much different among key populations where, in certain groups, HIV prevalence is much higher, notably among people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, female sex workers and male labour migrants and their families. Besides HIV prevalence among key populations, their size remains a considerable challenge for achieving as well as maintaining optimal coverage. Stigma and discrimination: One of the most difficult challenges for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is to face negative responses towards them by people in their social environment. As the above quotes show, attitudes towards PLWHA may be well informed and supportive or involve negative comments and actions. These responses may range from unconscious gestures, to rejection and mistreatment tinged with harassment and hostility. Negative attitudes and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS that are based on unfounded ideas and fears constitute stigma and discrimination. Stigma and discrimination often have a profound impact on the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. Stigma and discrimination are one of the key barriers to combating the AIDS epidemic. They result in individuals denying that they are HIV-positive, staying away from preventive behaviors and being inhibited in seeking medical treatment out of fear that their health status will be discovered. Sufferers attempting to receive medical treatment may also experience a lack of commitment and mistreatment by health professionals. In addition, stigma and discrimination may cause infected people to lose social and economic support from their families. Fear of being identified as positive and discriminated against discourage individuals from seeking voluntary testing of their HIV status, thus affecting prevention and surveillance efforts. In Nepal, stigma and discrimination stem from beliefs that HIV/AIDS is a fatal, contagious disease readily transmitted in casual or indirect contact with a person with HIV/AIDS. In addition, the social and intimate nature of its transmission and the emphasis on its spread through sex work and drug use have created stereotypes of PLWHAs and the mistaken image that only immoral people are infected. In order to address inaccurate and damaging attitudes towards PLWHA, it is important to identify the nature of the cultural beliefs and practices that underlie them.

Om Maharjan is a Medical Manager at Family Planning Association (FPAN) of Nepal. He has been working in FPAN as a Manager, Service Provider and Trainer of vasectomy, minilaparotomy, implant, safe abortion, cervical cancer screening by VIA and minimum initial service package (MISP) in crisis. He has provided more than 15000 voluntary sterilization (VSC) service (vasectomy and minilaparotomy) at FPAN Clinic and at mobile VSC camp conducted at different districts of Nepal.

Background: Recanalization is the process of restoring flow to or reuniting an interrupted channel of a bodily tube (as a blood vessel or vas deferens). In Nepal in 2012-2013, surgeons performed 20,588 vasectomies with an incidence of 1.64 new acceptors per 100 women of reproductive age. Divorce rate is getting high as women are empowered (education, job) and they can depend on themselves. Aim: The purpose of the study was two-fold. Firstly, it was to assess the suitability for male recanalization and factors predicting for recanalization. Secondly, it was to analyze the reasons following vasectomies recanalization. Materials & Methods: Both qualitative and quantitative methods was used with 18 key in-depth interview, 111 men at a FPAN central clinic Lalitpur and valley branch Koteshwor seeking vasectomy sterilization reversal between May 2011 and May 2014. Results: Individual excised the recanalization ranged from 27 to 54 years with median age of 38. On the address of the respondents for the recanalization, 66.7 percent were from outside valley followed by 33.3 percent from inside valley. On the cause of recanalization, 51.7% of the respondents were second marriage followed by 27.6%. The association between children and cause of recanalization was statistically significant (P=0.046) with Cramer’s strength of association of 56.4%. Labor migrant are main restorant due to divorce, change of life style and the income. Conclusion: The commonest cause of the recanalization is second marriage. The risk of recanalization and its implications should be explained to the patient.